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Weigh your flour; or measure it by gently spooning it into a cup, then sweeping off any excess. Combine the flour, sugar, yeast, salt, xanthan gum, and baking powder. Add the water, egg, and butter and stir until a firm dough forms, about 4 minutes in a stand mixer fitted with a paddle attachment. If the dough seems dry, add 1 to 2 tablespoons water.
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Knead the dough until smooth, then transfer it to a lightly greased bowl. Cover and let rise until almost doubled, 45 to 90 minutes.
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Preheat the oven to 425°F. Lightly grease two baking sheets, or line them with parchment. Bring 4 quarts water to a boil in a large pot.
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Turn the dough out onto a lightly floured surface. Gently deflate it, and divide it into 12 equal pieces.
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Cover the pieces and, one at a time, roll them into 12" to 14" ropes. Shape the ropes into pretzels and place them on the prepared pans.
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Add the baking soda and sugar to the boiling water and wait for the foam to subside.
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Drop the pretzels one at a time into the water, and boil them for about 5 seconds; they should initially sink, then float to the surface in that time.
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Return the pretzels to the pans and sprinkle them with the coarse salt of your choice, if desired.
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Bake the pretzels until golden brown and finished to your liking, about 18 to 20 minutes for soft pretzels, 25 minutes for chewier pretzels, and 35 minutes for hard pretzels.
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Allow the pretzels to cool on the pans for 10 minutes before serving.